once the Russian revolution was isolated, the objective class relations in which the Bolsheviks took.
take, prejudiced the POWEL. programme Lenin set out in The State and Revolution.
In the Chinese revolution, the Communist Party succeeded, on the basis of very different social and poli tcal conditions, to sase itself firmly in the majority class, the easantry. In the advanced capitalist ountries, where the industrial proletariat has for decades formed the majonty of population, the socialist revolution can only be a majority revolution. Whatever problems we have to face, and they will be many, the ension perween sale are soccu DrOGUCcu by minority class rule (the objective setting or ine ccrormanons suncica Dy Inc mussan revolution) will not be one of them But it remains that the party Lenin built, though and advanced instrument for making the political level, was not perfectly equipped to confront the tasks of SOcIalIst Construcuon. From 1s wamess areiessons to be drawn for revolutonary and organisation today. The Bolshevik could deal with the contradiction between the people and the enemy, between the forces of (the workingclass and POOL peasantry) and those of reaction (Tsarism the bureaucratic state and the bourgeoisie). It could deal adequately with the contradictions that arose among the people themselves This weakness comes through in a number of different ways. The Bolshevik party. Centra 1Sec strategic vanuate anel In 1905 the Bolshevik saw the Soviets as a dangerous rival and although Lenin criticised this position, he lid not put forward a coherent alternative. In 191r. althougn Lenin now saw the soviets as proletarial, it wa. implicit in tne October seizure or power Inal the Bolsheviks would use their majority in SoVIets sand all opposition would be party Between 1917 Soviet squeezed out civil war. But no theor changed role state assig right of tendency and provided ol inner-party discussion, Dut The guarantee this discussion were lacking. The degeneration or inner-part Te ations In und proved that a revolutionary party's control of its own actions. ability to openly acknowledge and rectify mistakes and ПО! comDoune Inem suppression, be tuaramcca by any tormal organisanonal russia death these weaknesses greatly facilitated the takeover of the Bolshevik Party Dy une Slaic apparatus and the stifling of political discussion. If the contingent weak:
had Lenin lived. then the party would have nac ine means to орепту спеск апа солес mistakes, the period of primitive socialist accumulaton, lor all its inevitabie narasnips need not have involved Stalin's crimes of the trues. and the Soviet Union would not be in the absolute impasse in which it finds itself LENINS GENIUS Revolutionary militancy and democratic centralism are fundamental principles laid down by Lenn differentiate Lne revolutionary party from reformism, and without which no revolutionary organisation and no proletarian revolution is possible. But the specitic forms of revolutionary organisation have to be evolved both on the basis of national circumstances-and it was Lenin's genius to have done this for Russia- -and on the past experience of the revolutionary movement internationally. NO tormal organisational structure can guarantee these puncipics, uney can only be guaranteed by the ideological level and critical independence of the party rank and file, and by a theory of organisational problems developed from bast experience crucially important for us to study Lenin's political practice and the Russian revolution its achievements and its limitations. Just as it is vital to study the Chinese experience which solved some of the problems unresolved by how to handle contradictions among the people when the proletariate is still a minority class. Though the Chinese experience also does not provide an example to be mechanicals pplied in the West. Above all we need to it where Lenin started, with the scientific Nation of our own society, its socioand its history, and to ims of political practice specific to ionary workers' 1870 22nd April (10th April-old Russian calendar): Vladimir Ilyitch Ulyanov (Lenin) born at Simbirsk, on the Volga. 1887; Lenin's elder brother, Alexander, executed atter an attempt on me sar. 1887; Lenin enters Kazan University to study law, parucipates movement, is expelled and exiled for a inne 1888; Lenin studies Capital and joins a 1889-1893; Lenin engages in Marxist proDazanda work among the students at Samara, where he prepares also for his examinations in law. 1893; moves to St.Petersburg, where the Marxist groups are making their first contacts with workers. 1894; Lenin is a leading figure in the St. Petersburg Social-Democrat group, ang organises propaganda among workers. At ine ena or the year ne pro duces the first agitational leaflet, for ine workers Semyannikov factory. 1090 sprig: Kussian social-Democrats meet in St.Petersburg to plan the transition trom narrow propaganda circies to political agitation among the masses. 1895 Summer; meet Plechanov and the Emancipation BrOUE Geneva. learn about the West European working cass movement 1895 Autumn; The newly founded St. Petersburg League of Struggle plans produce an illegal newspaper, Rabocheve Dvelo. which Lenin edits December and MOSE the committee is arrested. 1896; Lenin spends the whole year in but maintains some secret conDrISOn. tact with his comrades. 1897 Jan; Lenin is exiled to Eastern Siberia for three years. The region has exiled Social Democrats and populists. makes a living giving legal advice to the peasants. He manages correspond WIth Social Democrats St. Petersburg and 201020 mis main work is nis book ine Development Of Capitalism In Russia. 1898; marded.
N.K.Krupskaya. 1900 Jan: Lenin is released from exile. After discussions with Social Democrats ano a close slave WIl the bolitical police in St. Petersburg, he leaves tor abroac. waere nesians publication of an all-Russian political newspaper, ISKRA-the spark. - ИСКРАThe first spark-Isra no: 1, December 1900. The front page is taken up by Lenin's article.
The Urgent Task Of Our Movement: its first sentence "Russian Social- -Democracy has repeatedly declared the immediate political task of the Russian working-class partly to be the overthrow of the autocracy, the achievement or polical bert 1900 Dec; Lenin edits the first number of Iskra in Munich, with Martov and Potresov. 1901-1903; Iskra is regularly distributed SECTELY in Russia by "Iskra agents' who build around the paper the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party organisation, and prepare for the 2nd. Party Congress. 1901; Lenin writes What Is To Be Done, which appears in March 1902. 1902 Apr.-1903 Apr: and Krupskaya live in London, where Iskra is produced at the Social-Democratic Federation's press at Clerkenwell Green (now Marx House y 1903 July-Aug: The RSDLP 2nd.Congress opens move to London. The Iskra group splits delivers the ADNE Theses; at Tauride Petrograd, October malace 1917. precs enin is тогоро оп пе есітога! board of Iskra, and only in Dec 1904 manages starE Tor boisnevi group the new paper VperiodForware 1905 Jan; Revolution breaKs out beretersoure 1905 Oct; returns •LO Russia, where he lives semi-legaly directing the struggle of the Bolsheviks for an armed uprising, and, after the defeat of Moscow uprising (Dec 1905). making me transition to semi-legal and electoral activity. In Jan 1907 Lenin has Finland. and in April the West. 1907 April; The Fith Congress of the RSDLP is held in London, the last of . After the Congress the une united barty Bolshevik caucus sets up a secret Bolshevik centre, headed by Lenin 1907 summer-1908 Nov: and Krupskaya live in Geneva, where Lenin Proletary, the Bolshevik paper founded during the revolution. then forced abroad, and also works intenat his book Materialism and SIVCLY Empirio-Criticism. 1908 May; Lenin visits London to work in the british Museum on nis book 1908 Nov-1912 June; Krupskaya live outside Paris are the years of reaction and the BolSHeVIKSaTE WeaK ISolaTed struggles intensely with the "liquidator" MensneviKs want to aissolve the underground party organisation. 1912 Jan; After the final split with the "liquidationists', the 6th, all-Bolshevik Congress the RSDLP held in Prague. 1912 June; Lenin now moves to Cracow, to be as close as possible to Russia, and direct at close hand work of Pravda and of the Bolshevik deputies in 1914 Aug; When war is imminent Lenin is arrested by the Austrian govern ment, but released, and moves Switzerland. After war breaks out Lenin declares that the Second inter. national is finished, and that the task is to bullic a new nire internatona. 1915 July-Aug; Lenin writes the pniet socialism and War. launches Ine slogan of turning the Imperialist war no a civilwar 1915 Aug; At the Zimmerwald congress or anti-war socialists. Lenin dueniots to win the left-wing delegates to his revolu Monary DOsItIOn 1916 Apr; At the Kienthal conference of anti-war socialists, Lenin wins the leftwing delegates to a position close to his OWI The political direction of the Civil War-a diagram from the Lenin Museum showing the 1917 Feb; Revolution breaks out in Russia. The Tsar abdicates. the provisigovernment is tormea, ana diong side it the Soviets 1917 April: Lenin arrives in Petrograd. His 'April theses' call for 'all power to the Soviets'. Lenin leads the work of the Bolshevik party in Petrograd, seeking to win the working-class to the Bolshe vik position. 1917 July; After the 'July days' in Petrograd, the Bolshevik party is banned, Lenin is forced into hiding near the Finnish border. 1917 Aug-Sept; Lenin writes The State And Revolution. 1917 Sept; Lenin demands from HelsingTOrS tnat the bolsneviks organise an 1917 20th Oct; Lenin returns secretly to Petrograd, where Trotsky organises the bolsneviK insurrecton 1917 6th Nov night; Lenin arrives at Smolny, the Soviet headquarters during the insurrection, and takes off his disguise 1917 8th Nov; 2nd All-Russian Congress of Soviets opens in Smolny. It approves the Go sheviks Decree on pace a be cree on Land, and Decree on the form апоп workers ane peasants' government, headed by Lenin German advance after Brest-Litovsk negotiations break down. Lenin secures, against neavy opposition Bolshevik adoption of German Terms 1918 Aug: Lenin shot in the head by not rally seriously injured. 1918 Nov; Lenin writes The Proletarian Revolution And The Renegade Kautsky 1919 March; The founding conference of the Third (Communist) International held in Moscow 1920 Apr-May; Lenin writes Left-Wing Communism: An Infantile Disorder, setting out the foundations of Comin tern tactics in the West. 1921 March; Kronstadt uprising during the 10th Congress of the Bolshevik party. ine perioa or war communism is ended by the measures of the New Economic allowing parta market. Factions within the party are banned. 1922 May; Lenin suffers his first stroke, and is out or action unt september 1922 Dec; Lenin has his second stroke. At the end of the month he dictates his last notes on the re-organisation of the Soviet administration, and in his 'testament' demands, vain, the removal of Stalin as general secretary of the Party. 1923 March; Lenin's third stroke puts him permanently out of action. 1924 21st Jan; Lenin dies.
direction and intensity of Lenin's telegrams and letters, between 1918 and 1920.
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